此文档将提供给用开辟利用电容器(EDLC)根本利用指南。若在开辟利用历程中遇到题目且在此文件中找不到办理回答时请与j9九游会联系。
This document provides basic guidelines for application development using capacitors, also known as EDLC. If questions arise during your development process and are not answered in this document, please contact us.
寿命Life Time
EDLC具有比二次电池更恒久的寿命，其寿命可达数十万次以上。EDLC根本的寿命停止生效形式为等效串联电阻(ESR)降低和/或容量的低落。实践的寿命停止尺度取决于使用要求。临时置于低温下，高电压和超电流将会招致ESR降低和容量低落。这些参数的低落将可延伸超等电容器的寿命。一样平常来说，圆筒型EDLC具有与电解电容器相相似的结构，有电解液、铝壳和胶粒。多年利用后，EDLC内电解液也会干枯，好像电解电容器一样，招致ESR降低，寿命停止。
EDLC has a longer life time than secondary batteries, Their cycle life can reach hundreds of thousands of times. The basic end-of-life failure mode for an EDLC is an increase in equivalent series resistance (ESR) and/or a decrease in capacitance. The actual end-of-life criteria are dependent on the application requirements. Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures, high applied voltage and excessive current will lead to increased ESR and decreased capacitance. Reducing these parameters will lengthen the life time of a supercapacitor. In general, cylindrical EDLC have a similar construction to electrolytic capacitors, having a liquid electrolyte inside an aluminum can sealed with a rubber bung. Over many years, the EDLC will dry out, similar to an electrolytic capacitor, causing high ESR and eventually end-of-life.
电压Voltage
EDLC是有额外的事情电压的。电压值是基于其最高额外温度下最短命命来设定的。假如利用电压凌驾了保举电压,其后果将会招致寿命延长。假如电压临时过高,EDLC内将会发生气体,招致漏液或防爆阀决裂。EDLC是可以接受短期过电压的。
EDLC are rated with a nominal recommended working or applied voltage. The values provided are set for long life at their maximum rated temperature. If the applied voltage exceeds this recommended voltage, the result will be reduced life time. If the voltage is excessive for a prolonged time period, gas generation will occur inside the EDLC and may result in leakage or rupture of the safety vent. Short-term over voltage can usually be tolerated by the EDLC.
极性Polarity
EDLC的设计是有绝对称的电极，即南北极具有相相似的身分。在EDLC首次组装时，任一电极都可定为正极或负极。一旦EDLC在100%质量测试时第一次充电，其电极将会构成极性化。每-EDLC都有负极框或标记来标识极性。只管其可以低落到零电压，其电极照旧会保存十分少的电荷。固然之前充电的EDLC会放电至-2.5V且在容量或ESR方面至极低，但照旧不克不及举行反极利用。
EDLC are designed with symmetrical electrodes, meaning they are similar in composition. When an EDLC is first assembled, either electrode can be designated positive or negative. Once the EDLC is charged for the first time during the 100% QA testing operation, the electrodes become polarized. Every EDLC either has a negative stripe or sign denoting polarity. Although they can be shorted to zero volts, the electrodes maintain a very small amount of charge. Reversing polarity is not recommended, however previously charged EDLC have been discharged to -2.5V with no measurable difference in capacitance or ESR.
注：在一偏向上保存的电荷越久，EDLC就越变的极性化。假如在一偏向上临时充电后再举行反向充电，EDLC的寿命将会大大的缩减。
Note:The longer they are held charged in one direction,the more polarized they become.If reversely charged after prolonged chargeing in one direction,the life of the EDLC may be shortened.
温度Ambient Temperature
SEE系列电容的尺度温度范畴为-25℃～70℃。SEL系列电容的尺度温度范畴为-40℃～60℃。温度及电压会对EDLC寿命有影响。一样平常来说，情况温度每提拔10℃，EDLC寿命就会延长一半。因而，发起尽大概在划定温度范畴内利用EDLC以低落外部劣化与ESR降低。在低于正常室温情况下，可利用稍高于额外事情电压而不形成外部劣化和寿命延长。在高温下提拔利用电压将可抵销ESR的降低。低温下ESR的降低会招致EDLC永世性劣化/电解液剖析。在高温下，因电解液粘性的提拔及离子的缓性挪动缘故，ESR降低只是一种长久征象。
The standard temperature rating is -25℃ to 70℃ for SEE series or -40℃ to 60℃ for SEL series. Temperature in combination with voltage can affect the life time of an EDLC. In general, raising the ambient temperature by 10℃ will decrease the life time of an EDLC by a factor of two. As a result, it is recommended to use the EDLC at the Specified temperature range possible to decrease internal degradation and ESR increase. At temperature lower than normal room temperature, it is possible to apply voltages slightly higher than the recommended working voltage without significant increase in degradation and reduction in life time. Raising the applied voltage at low temperatures can be useful to offset the increased ESR seen at low temperatures. Increased ESR at higher temperatures is a result of permanent degradation/electrolyte decomposition inside the EDLC. At low temperatures, however, increased ESR is only a temporary phenomenon due to the increased viscosity of the electrolyte and slower movement of the ions.
放电特征Discharge Characteristics
EDLC放电时电压是呈斜线的。在确定使用时的容量与ESR要求时，思索耐压放电和电容性放电身分是很紧张的。在高脉冲电流使用时，内阻值是最为要害的。在低电流永劫间使用时，电容放电特征是最为要害的。
EDLC discharges with a sloping voltage curve. When determining the capacitance and ESR requirements for an application, it is important to consider both the resistive and capacitive discharge components. In high current pulse applications, the resistive component is the most critical. In low current, long duration applications, the capacitive discharge component is the most critical.
在I电流下放电t（秒）时电压低落Vdrop公式为:
Vdrop = I(R+t/C)
The formula for the voltage drop, Vdrop, during a discharge at I current for t seconds is：
Vdrop = I(R+t/C)
在脉冲电池使用时，须利用低ESR（R值）EDLC以减低电压降幅。
To minimize voltage drop in a pulse application, use an EDLC with low ESR(R value).
在低电流使用时，应利用高容量（C值）EDLC。
To minimize voltage drop in a low current application, use an EDLC with large capacitance(C value).
充电办法Charge Methods
EDLC可用种种办法举行充电，包罗恒定电流、恒定功率、恒定电压或与能量贮存器，如电池、燃料电池、直流转换器等举行并联。假如EDLC与电池并联，加一个低阻值串联电阻将会提拔电池的寿命。假如利用串联电阻，须确保EDLC输入电压输入端是间接与使用器毗连而不是经过电阻与使用器毗连，不然EDLC的低ESR将有效。在高脉冲电放逐电时，很多电池体系寿命延长均会延长。
EDLC can be charged using various methods including constant current, constant power,constant voltage or by paralleling to an energy source, i.e. battery, fuel cell, DC converter, etc. If an EDLC is configured in parallel with a battery, adding a low value resistor in series will increase the life of the battery. If a series resistor is used, ensure that the voltage outputs of the EDLC are connected directly to the application and not through the resistor; otherwise the low ESR of the EDLC will be nullified. Many battery systems exhibitdecreased life time when exposed to high current discharge pulses.
EDLC最大发起充电电流I应按以下方法盘算，Vw为充电电压，R为EDLC ESR:
I= Vw/5R
The maximum recommended charge current l, for an EDLC where Vw is the charge voltage and R is the EDLC ESR is calculated as below:
I = Vw/5R
继续大电流或高电压充电，EDLC将会过分热。
过分热将会招致ESR提拔，气体发生，寿命延长，漏液，防爆阀决裂。
假如要利用高于额外值的电流或电压充电请与消费厂商联系。
Overheating of the EDLC can occur from continuous over current or overvoltage charging.
Overheating can lead to increased ESR, gas generation, decreased life time, leakage, venting or rupture.
Contact the factory if you plan to use a charge current or voltage higher than specified.
自放电与泄电流Self Discharge and Leakage Current
以差别办法举行丈量时自放电和泄电流在实质上是相反的，由于EDLC在结构上，从正极到负极具有高的耐电流特征。也便是说为保存电容电荷，是必要大批的分外电流，此称为泄电流。当充电电压移除，电容不在负荷时，分外的电流会促使EDLC放电，此称为自放电电流。
Self discharge and leakage current are essentially the same thing measured in different ways. Due to the EDLC construction, there is a high-resistance internal current path from the anode to the cathode. This means that in order to maintain the charge on the capacitor a small amount of additional current is required. During charging this is referred to as leakage current. When the charging voltage is removed, and the capacitor is not loaded, this additional current will discharge the EDLC and is referred to as the self discharge current.
为丈量实践的泄电流或自放电数值，也由于结构缘故原由，EDLC须充电100小时以上。EDLC可模仿为几个并联的电容器，每一个都有差别的串联电阻值。低串联电阻值的电容器能敏捷充电从而提拔终端电压到达充电电压值的统一程度。但在充电电压移除时，假如这些并联的电容器之中有未完全充电的话，电容器将会放电到具有较高串联电阻的并联电容器中。后果便是终端电压将会低落，构成高自放电电流。须留意容量越高，完全充电工夫就越久。
In order to get a realistic measurement of leakage or self discharge current the EDLC must be charge for in excess of 100 hours. This again is due to the capacitor construction. The EDLC can be modeled as several capacitors connected in parallel, each with an increasing value of series resistance. The capacitor with low values of series resistance is charged quickly thus increasing the terminal voltage to the same level as the charge voltage. However, if the charge voltage is removed these capacitors will discharge into the parallel capacitors with higher series resistance if they are not fully charged. The result of this is that the terminal voltage will fall, giving the impression of high self discharge current. It should be noted that the higher the capacitance value, the longer it will take for the device to be fully charged.
EDLC系列设置Series Configurations of EDLC
单个SEE系列EDLC电压限定为2.5V，SEL系列EDLC电压限定为2.7V。因很多使用范畴要求高电压．EDLC可以设置为串联以提拔事情电压。确保单一的EDLC电压不凌驾其最大的额外事情电压是很紧张的，不然会招致电解液剖析，气体发生，ESR降低，寿命延长。
Individual EDLC is limited to 2.5V for SEE series or 2.7V for SEL series. As many applications require higher voltages, EDLC can be configured in series to increase the working voltage. It is important to ensure that the individual voltage of any single EDLC does not exceed its maximum recommended working voltage as this could result in electrolyte decomposition, gas generation, ESR increase and reduced life time.
予充电和放电时，在稳态下因容量差别和泄电流差别，电容器电压不屈衡征象将会发生。在充电时，串联电容器将起到电压分派作用，因而高容值单体将会接受更大的电压。比方：2个1F电容器举行串联，一个电容器容量为+20%，另一个容量为-20%，电压经过电容器的最差性况为：
Vcap2= Vsupply x (Ccapl/(Ccapl+Ccap2))
此中Ccapl具有+20%容量,则 Vsupply= 5V。
Vcap2= 5V x (1.2/(1.2+0.8))=3V
Capacitor voltage imbalance is caused, during charge and discharge, by differences in capacitance value and, in steady state, by differences in capacitor leakage current. During charging series connected capacitors will act as a voltage divider so higher capacitance devices will receive greater voltage stress. For example if two 1F capacitors are connected in series, one at +20% of nominal capacitance the other at -20% the worst-case voltage across the capacitors is given by:
Vcap2 = Vsupply x (Ccapl/(Ccapl+Ccap2))
where Ccapl has the +20% capacitance. So for a Vsupply = 5V.
Vcap2 = 5V x (1.2/(1.2+0.8)) = 3V
从上可以看出，为制止凌驾3V的EDLC浪涌电压范畴，串联电容器的容值应在±20%的公役范畴内。在选择上，一个符合的自动电压均衡电路可用来低落因容值不屈衡而发生的电压不屈衡。需留意到大少数的电压均衡办法都取决于详细的使用。
From this it can be seen that, in order to avoid exceeding the EDLC surge voltage rating of 3V, the capacitance values of series connected parts must fall in a +20% tolerance range. Alternatively a suitable active voltage balancing circuit can be employed to reduce voltage imbalance due to capacitance mismatch. It should be noted that the most appropriate method of voltage balancing will be application specific.
主动电压均衡Passive Voltage Balancing
主动电压均衡可用电压分派电阻与每一EDLC并联来完成。这可让电流从高电压的EDLC下流至低电压的EDLC上从而完成电压的均衡。最紧张是选择均衡电阻值以提供EDLC更高电流的活动而不增长 EDLC的泄电流。须记着在低温下泄电流是会上升的。
Passive voltage balancing uses voltage-dividing resistors in parallel with each EDLC. This allows current to flow around the EDLC at a higher voltage level into the EDLC at a lower voltage level, thus balancing the voltage. It is important to choose balancing resistor values that provide for higher current flow than the anticipated leakage current of the EDLC, bearing in mind that the leakage current will increase at higher temperatures.
主动电压均衡只在不常常举行EDLC充放电利用和利用能接受均衡电阻的分外电流负载时保举利用。发起所选择的均衡电阻应能提供最差EDLC泄电流50倍以上的分外电流（依据最高利用温度选择3.3 KΩ～22kΩ的电阻）。只管更大阻值的均衡电阻在大少数状况下也能事情，但其不行能在不婚配的电容器串联时起到掩护作用。
Passive voltage balancing is only recommended for applications that don't regularly charge and discharge the EDLC and that can tolerate the additional load current of the balancing resistors. It is suggested that the balancing resistors be selected to give additional current flow of at least 50 times the worst-case EDLC leakage current (3.3kΩ t0 22kΩ depending on maximum operating temperature). Although higher values of balancing resistor will work in most cases they are unlikely to provide adequate protection when significantly mismatched parts are connected in series.
自动电压均衡Active Voltage Balancing
自动电压均衡电路能使串联的EDLC上的电压与额外电压驱同而不论有几多电压不屈衡发生。同时确保在稳态状况下正确的电压均衡电路能无效地低落电流，并且只在电容电压产生不屈衡时才要求更大的电流。这些特征使得自动电压均衡电路是EDLC频仍充放电及如电池等能量组件利用的最抱负电路。
Active voltage balancing circuits force the voltage at the nodes of series connected EDLC to be the same as a fixed reference voltage, regardless of how any voltage imbalance occurs. To ensure accurate voltage balancing, active circuits typically draw much lower levels of current in steady state and only require larger currents when the capacitor voltage goes out of balancing. These characteristics make active voltage balancing circuits ideal for applications that charge and discharge the EDLC frequently as well as those with a finite energy source such as a battery.
反极性掩护Reverse Voltage Protection
当串联EDLC敏捷放电，容量值低的电容器之上的电压将潜伏地变为负电压。如之前的表明，此是不盼望呈现的且会延长EDLC的事情寿命。一种复杂的防护逆向电压的办法是在电容器上增长一个二极管。利用得当的额外的限流二极管替换尺度的二极管，还可以掩护EDLC呈现过电压征象。必要审慎的是确保二极管能接受电源的峰值电流。
When series connected EDLC are rapidly discharged, the voltage on low capacitance value parts can potentially go negative. As explained previously, this is not desirable and can reduce the operating life of the EDLC. One simple way of protecting against reverse voltage is to add a diode across the capacitor,configured so that it is normally reverse bias. By using a suitably rated zener diode in place of a standar diode the EDLC can also be protected against overvoltage events. Care must be taken to ensure that the diode can withstand the available peak current from the power source.
焊接信息 Soldering Information
过热会招致EDLC电功能的退步，漏液或内压降低。焊策应遵照以下详细指示：
Excessive heat may cause deterioration of the electrical characteristics of the EDLC, electrolyte leakage or an increase in internal pressure. Follow the specific instructions listed below:
别的：
1.不要把EDLC浸入已溶化的焊锡中。
2.只在EDLC导针上粘上焊剂。
3.确保EDLC套管不间接与PCB或别的组件打仗。过高的焊锡温度会招致套管紧缩或决裂。
4.制止EDLC在暴露的电路板之下事情以避免短路产生。
In addition
1.Do not dip EDLC body into melted solder.
2.Only flux the leads of the EDLC.
3.Ensure that there is no direct contact between the sleeve of the EDLC and the PC board or any other component. Excessive solder temperature may cause sleeve to shrink or crack.
4.Avoid exposed circuit board runs under the EDLC to prevent electrical shorts.
手工焊接Manual Soldering
不行让EDLC内部套管与焊棒打仗，不然套管会熔化或决裂。焊嘴温度发起低于350℃，焊接继续工夫少于4秒钟。应使烙铁与EDLC导针间接打仗工夫最小化，由于导针过热会进步等效串联电阻值(ESR)。
Do not touch the EDLC's external sleeve with the soldering rod or the sleeve will melt or crack. The recommended temperature of the soldering rod tip is less than 350℃ and the soldering duration should be less than 4 seconds. Minimize the time that the soldering iron is in direct contact with the terminals of the EDLC as excessive heating of the leads may lead to higher equivalent series resistance (ESR).
波峰焊Wave Soldering
最多给PCB预热60秒钟，浸锡达0.8mm或更厚。预热温度极限应低于100℃。
Use a maximum preheating time of 60 seconds for PC boards 0.8mm or thicker. Preheating temperature should be limited to less than 100℃.
以下表格信息只用于导针的波峰焊接：
Use the following table for wave soldering on leads only:
|
焊锡温度(℃) |
发起焊锡工夫 |
最大焊接工夫 |
|
220℃ |
7 |
9 |
|
240℃ |
7 |
9 |
|
250℃ |
5 |
7 |
|
260℃ |
3 |
5 |
回流焊接Reflow Soldering
除非EDLC有明白的额外耐回流焊接温度，不然不该对EDLC利用回流焊接而应利用红外线或传送烤炉加热办法举行焊接。
Do not use reflow soldering on EDLC using infrared or convection oven heating methods unless the EDLC is specifically rated to withstand reflow soldering temperature.
纹波电流Ripple Current
只管EDLC绝对于别的超等电容来说有很低的电阻，其另有比铝电解电容器更高的电阻且在纹波电流之中容易受外部热量的影响而使ESR降低，寿命延长。为确保恒久的寿命，保举的最大纹波电流不该使EDLC外表温度提拔高于3℃。
Although EDLC have very low resistance in comparison to other supercapacitors, they do have higher resistance than aluminum electrolytic capacitors and are more susceptible to internal heat generation when exposed to ripple current. Heat generation leads to electrolyte decomposition, gas generation, increased ESR and reduced life time. In order to ensure long life time, the maximum ripple current recommended should not increase the surface temperature of the EDLC by more than 3℃.
电路板设计Circuit Board Design
只管即便制止干净电路板，假如要举行电路板干净，应利用尺度电路板干净液经过无静电或超音波浸渍办法举行干净，工夫不凌驾5分钟，最低温度不高于60℃。之后要彻底冲洗和风干。一样平常来说，应将EDLC好像铝电解电容器一样看待。
Avoid cleaning of circuit boards, however if the circuit board must be cleaned use static or ultrasonic immersion in a standard circuit board cleaning fluid for no more than 5 minutes and a maximum temperature of 60℃. Afterwards thoroughly rinse and dry the circuit boards. In general, treat EDLC in the same manner you would an aluminum electrolytic capacitor.
临时储存Long Term Storage
不要在以下情况中储存EDLC：
1.局温/高湿度下储存
2.间接与腐化性质料、酸、碱金属或有毒气体打仗
3.阳光直射
4.粉尘情况
5.打击和/或振动情况
Do not store EDLC in any of the following environments：
1.High temperature and/or high humidity
2.Direct contact with corrosive materials, acids, alkalis or toxic gases
3.Direct exposure to sunlight
4.Dusty environment
5.Environment subject to excessive shock and/or vibration
运输信息Transportation Information
EDLC未遭到US DOT（运输部）和IATA的划定。准确的国际运输形貌是“电子产品-电容器”。
EDLC are non-regulated by the US DOT (Department of Transport) and IATA. The correct international shipping description is “Electronic Parts – Capacitors”.
应急步伐 Emergency Procedures
假如发明EDLC过热或是闻到香的气息，应立刻断开与EDLC毗连的电源或负载。让EDLC降温，然落伍行准确处置。不行让脸或手打仗过热的EDLC。假如EDLC产生漏液或防爆阀决裂请与消费厂商联系讨取质料宁静材料表。
If an EDLC is found to be overheating or if you smell a sweet odor, immediately disconnect any power or load to the EDLC. Allow the EDLC to cool down, then dispose of properly. Do not expose your face or hands to an overheating EDLC. Contact the factory for a Material Safety Date Sheet if an EDLC leaks or vents.
假如有漏液状况：
皮肤打仗：用胰子和水冲洗皮肤。
眼睛打仗：用水洗濯眼睛15分钟，看大夫。
汲取：喝牛奶/水并吐出，看大夫。
If exposed to electrolyte:
Skin Contact: Wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water.
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with water for 15 minutes and seek medical attention.
ngestion: Drink milk/water and induce vomiting; seek medical attention.
一样平常性宁静思索General Safety Considerations
假如过分充电，反向充电，点火或高于150℃加热，EDLC有大概产生防爆阀爆裂。不要压挤，毁伤，压钉或拆解EDLC。滥用EDLC大概招致铝壳上低温（烧伤）。
EDLC may vent or rupture if overcharged, reverse charged, incinerated or heated above 150℃. Do not crush, mutilate, nail penetrate or disassemble. High case temperature (burn hazard) may result from abuse of EDLC.
废弃处置步伐。
Disposal Procedures.
不要任意抛弃。应依据外地执法法例举行处置。
Do not dispose of unit in trash. Dispose of according to local regulations
温度体现 Thermal Performance
利用时能量储存单元上低内阻会使得低热量发生。电子产品利用温度越低，其事情工夫越久。大少数利用范畴天然氛围对流都能提供充足的冷却情况。在恶劣情况中利用，还要求有最长的利用寿命则必要添加一些氛围对流设置装备摆设。
Low internal resistance of the energy storage units enables low heat generation within the units during use. As with any electronic components the cooler the part operates the longer the service life. In most applications natural air convection should provide adequate cooling. In severe application requiring maximum service life some forced airflow may be required.
针对耐热来说，丈量产品的Rth需在情况温度(-25℃)下举行并容许天然对流。数据表上的Rth值对确定产品事情极限值是有效的。使用Rth值，可盘算出任何电流和事情循环下的温升。
The thermal resistance, Rth of the units has been experimentally determined assuming free convection at ambient (-25℃). The Rth value provided on the data sheet is useful for determining the operating limits for the units. Using the Rth value a module temperature rise can be determined based upon any current and duty cycle.
温度降低值可按以上等式算出：
△T = Dc*Rth*I2*Resr
此中：Dc=事情循环
I=AC/DC电流
Rth=耐热性(℃/W)
Resr=等效串联电阻，(Ohms)（利用直流电）
The temperature rise can be expressed by the following equation:
△T = De*Rth*I2*Resr
Where：Dc=Duty Cycle
I=Current AC/DC（A）
Rth=Thermal Resistance(℃/W)
Resr=Equivalent Series Resistance，(Ohms)（DC value used）
特征Features：
1.可用作充电电池及后备电源。
2.具有数十万次充电/放电循环次数，省掉废物处置。
3.不含有毒质料，如镍及镉。
1.Can be used as a rechargeable battery and ideal for backing up purpose.
2.Capable of several hundreds of thousands of charge/discharge cycles; free from throwaway disposal.
3.Does not contain toxic materials such as nickel and cadmium.
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